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Application Notes

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  Risk Assessment Advice for High Reliability Amplifiers &mdash AN141
  PDF, 299 Kb, File published: Oct 7, 2013
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  Application Note 141
  October 2013
  Risk Assessment Advice for High Reliability Amplifiers
  Tim Regan and James Mahoney Introduction
  In long life, high reliability systems, supplied power is
  provided only to essential circuitry. As a result many of
  the unpowered circuits may have voltages applied to inputs and outputs without proper supply biasing. As part
  of any diligent system safety risk assessment, a question
  often arises; will the unpowered components be damaged,
  degraded, or impair circuit performance under these
  abnormal operating conditions?
  The purpose of this article is to provide advice for what
  lies within the pins of several common amplifiers used in
  these applications. Most of the amplifiers of interest are the
  radiation hard amplifiers so indicated with a device prefix
  of RH. Another amplifier, the LT6016, is particularly robust
  with over, under and reversed polarity voltage conditions
  and is included for reference.
  With no power applied to the amplifier, forcing a voltage
  between two pins will cause a current to flow. The magnitude of this current differs from pin to pin and device to
  device. A curve tracer is used to show the current vs voltage
  characteristic when overdriving specific pin combinations.
  Referencing these curve trace plots will provide an indication of the magnitude of current flow for a particular …

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  Bridge Circuits &mdash AN43
  PDF, 3.8 Mb, File published: Jun 1, 1990
  Subtitled "Marrying Gain and Balance," this note covers signal conditioning circuits for various types of bridges. Included are transducer bridges, AC bridges, Wien bridge oscillators, Schottky bridges, and others. Special attention is given to amplifier selection criteria. Appended sections cover strain gauge transducers, understanding distortion measurements, and historical perspectives on bridge readout mechanisms and Wein bridge oscillators.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 43
  June 1990
  Bridge Circuits
  Marrying Gain and Balance
  Jim Williams
  Bridge circuits are among the most elemental and powerful
  electrical tools. They are found in measurement, switching, oscillator and transducer circuits. Additionally, bridge
  techniques are broadband, serving from DC to bandwidths
  well into the GHz range. The electrical analog of the mechanical beam balance, they are also the progenitor of all
  electrical differential techniques. and stability of the basic configuration. In particular, transducer manufacturers are quite adept at adapting the bridge
  to their needs (see Appendix A, “Strain Gauge Bridges”).
  Careful matching of the transducer’s mechanical characteristics to the bridge’s electrical response can provide a
  trimmed, calibrated output. Similarly, circuit designers
  have altered performance by adding active elements (e.g.,
  amplifiers) to the bridge, excitation source or both. Resistance Bridges
  Figure 1 shows a basic resistor bridge. The circuit is
  usually credited to Charles Wheatstone, although S. H.
  Christie, who demonstrated it in 1833, almost certainly
  preceded him.1 If all resistor values are equal (or the two
  sides ratios are equal) the differential voltage is zero. The
  excitation voltage does not alter this, as it affects both
  sides equally. When the bridge is operating off null, the
  excitation’s magnitude sets output sensitivity. The bridge …

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  Measurement and Control Circuit Collection &mdash AN45
  PDF, 1.2 Mb, File published: Jun 5, 1991
  A variety of measurement and control circuits are included in this application note. Eighteen circuits, including ultra low noise amplifiers, current sources, transducer signal conditioners, oscillators, data converters and power supplies are presented. The circuits emphasize precision specifications with relatively simple configurations.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 45
  June 1991
  Measurement and Control Circuit Collection
  Diapers and Designs on the Night Shift
  Jim Williams
  Introduction
  During my wife’s pregnancy I wondered what it would
  really be like when the baby was finally born. Before that
  time, there just wasn’t much mothering and fathering to
  do. As a consolation, we busied ourselves watching the
  baby’s heartbeat (Figure 1) on a thrown-together fetal heart
  monitor (see References). feedings. As such, the circuits are annotated with the
  number of feedings required for their completion; e.g., a
  “3-bottle circuit” took three feedings. The circuit’s degree
  of difficulty, and Michael’s degree of cooperation, combined
  to determine the bottle rating, which is duly recorded in
  each figure.
  Low Noise and Drift Chopped Bipolar Amplifier
  Figure 2’s circuit combines the low noise of an LT®1028
  with a chopper based carrier modulation scheme to achieve
  an extraordinarily low noise, low drift DC amplifier. DC
  drift and noise performance exceed any currently available
  monolithic amplifier. Offset is inside 1ОјV, with drift less …

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  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels &mdash AN48
  PDF, 297 Kb, File published: Nov 8, 1991
  LTC's op amp macromodels are described in detail, along with the theory behind each model and complete schematics of each topology. Extended modeling topics are discussed, such as phase/frequency response modifications and asymmetric slew rate for JFET op amp models. LTC's macromodels are optimized for accuracy and fast simulation times. Simulation times can be further reduced by using streamlining techniques found throughout AN48.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 48
  November 1991
  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels
  Getting the Most from SPICE and the LTC Library
  Walt Jung INTRODUCTION This application note is an overview discussion of the
  Linear Technology SPICE macromodel library. It assumes
  little if any prior knowledge of this software library or its
  history. However, it does assume familiarity with both the
  analog simulation program SPICE (or one of its many
  derivatives), and modern day op amps, including bipolar,
  JFET, and MOSFET amplifier technologies.
  Some Preliminary SPICE Facts of Life
  In the past few years, SPICE simulations have really begun
  to capture a high level of attention on the part of analog
  circuit designers. Perhaps this is due to more affordable
  high performance computers, or perhaps the time for
  simulation is now upon us. In any event, the bottom line is
  that IC vendors are now making macromodels for op amps
  available to their customers.
  For the analog circuit designer, there can be no better fate
  for simulations, viewing this situation in terms of which
  model to use. Designers no longer need worry about
  whether the third party supplier’s model can really cut it. …

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  Practical Circuitry for Measurement and Control Problems &mdash AN61
  PDF, 1.1 Mb, File published: Aug 1, 1994
  This collection of circuits was worked out between June 1991 and July of 1994. Most were designed at customer request or are derivatives of such efforts. Types of circuits include power converters, transducer signal conditioners, amplifiers and signal generators. Specific circuits include low noise amplifiers, high power single cell DC/DC converters, portable high accuracy barometers, a 10mHz 1% accuracy RMS/DC converter, and random noise generators. Appended sections cover noise theory and present a historical perspective of wideband amplifiers.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 61
  August 1994
  Practical Circuitry for Measurement and Control Problems
  Circuits Designed for a Cruel and Unyielding World
  Jim Williams
  INTRODUCTION currents associated with the continuous operation of fixed
  frequency designs. Gated oscillator regulators simply
  self-clock at whatever frequency is required to maintain
  the output voltage. Typically, loop oscillation frequency
  ranges from a few hertz into the kilohertz region, depending upon the load. This collection of circuits was worked out between June
  1991 and July of 1994. Most were designed at customer
  request or are derivatives of such efforts. All represent
  substantial effort and, as such, are disseminated here
  for wider study and (hopefully) use.1 The examples are
  roughly arranged in categories including power conversion, transducer signal conditioning, amplifiers and signal
  generators. As always, reader comment and questions
  concerning variants of the circuits shown may be addressed
  directly to the author. In most cases this asynchronous, variable frequency operation does not create problems. Some systems, however, are
  sensitive to this characteristic. Figure 1 slightly modifies
  a gated oscillator type switching regulator by synchronizing its loop oscillation frequency to the systems clock. In
  this fashion the oscillation frequency and its attendant
  switching noise, albeit variable, become coherent with
  system operation. Clock Synchronized Switching Regulator …

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  Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Volume III &mdash AN67
  PDF, 1.2 Mb, File published: Sep 1, 1996
  Application Note 67 is a collection of circuits for data conversion, interface and signal processing from the first five years of Linear Technology. This application note includes circuits such as fast video multiplexers for high speed video, an ultraselective bandpass filter circuit with adjustable gain, and a fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system. The categories included in this app note are data conversion, interface, filters, instrumentation, video/op amps and miscellaneous circuits.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 67
  September 1996
  Linear Technology Magazine Circuit Collection, Volume III
  Data Conversion, Interface and Signal Processing
  Richard Markell, Editor
  INTRODUCTION
  Application Note 67 is a collection of circuits from the first
  five years of Linear Technology, targeting data conversion,
  interface and signal processing applications. This
  Application Note includes circuits such as fast video
  multiplexers for high speed video, an ultraselective
  bandpass filter circuit with adjustable gain and a fully differential, 8-channel, 12-bit A/D system. The categories
  included herein are data conversion, interface, filters,
  instrumentation, video/op amps and miscellaneous
  circuits. Application Note 66, which covers power products
  and circuits from Linear Technology ’s first five years, is
  also available from LTC. ARTICLE INDEX
  Data Conversion . 3
  Fully Differential, 8-Channel, 12-Bit A/D System Using the LTCВ®1390 and LTC1410 . 3
  12-Bit DAC Applications . 5
  LTC1329 Micropower, 8-Bit, Current Output DAC Used for Power Supply Adjustment,
  Trimmer Pot Replacement . 7
  12-Bit Cold Junction Compensated, Temperature Control System with Shutdown . 8 …

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  Bias Voltage and Current Sense Circuits for Avalanche Photodiodes &mdash AN92
  PDF, 1.1 Mb, File published: Nov 1, 2002
  Avalanche photodiodes, used in laser based fiberoptic systems, require high voltage bias and accurate, wide range current monitoring. Bias voltage varies from 15V-90V and current ranges from 100nA to 1mA, a 10,000:1 dynamic range. This publication presents various 5 volt powered circuits which meet these requirements. Appended sections detail specific circuit techniques and cover measurement practice.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 92
  November 2002
  Bias Voltage and Current Sense Circuits for
  Avalanche Photodiodes
  Feeding and Reading the APD
  Jim Williams, Linear Technology Corporation
  INTRODUCTION
  Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are widely utilized in laser
  based fiberoptic systems to convert optical data into
  electrical form. The APD is usually packaged with a signal
  conditioning amplifier in a small module. An APD receiver
  module and attendant circuitry appears in Figure 1. The
  APD module (figure right) contains the APD and a transimpedance (e.g., current-to-voltage) amplifier. An optical
  port permits interfacing fiberoptic cable to the APD’s
  photosensitive portion. The module’s compact construction facilitates a direct, low loss connection between the
  APD and the amplifier, necessary because of the extremely
  high speed data rates involved.
  The receiver module needs support circuitry. The APD
  requires a relatively high voltage bias (figure left) to
  operate, typically 20V to 90V. This voltage is set by the bias
  supply’s programming port. This programming voltage
  may also include corrections for the APD’s temperature
  dependent response. Additionally, it is desirable to monitor the APD’s average current (figure center), which indi-cates optical signal strength. This information can be …

Design Notes

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  Micropower, Single Supply Applications: (1) A Self-Biased, Buffered Reference (2) Megaohm Input Impedance Difference Amplifier &mdash DN23
  PDF, 199 Kb, File published: Jun 1, 1989
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  Micropower, Single Supply Applications:
  (1) A Self-Biased, Buffered Reference
  (2) Megaohm Input Impedance Difference Amplifier
  Design Note 23
  Walt Jung and George Erdi
  A Self-Biased, Buffered Reference
  Voltage reference circuits are common to precision analog
  designs, in a wide variety of forms. They can be either
  two or three terminal in basic configuration, and may or
  may not also provide buffering against line and/or load
  immunity. Micropower analog circuits are growing in both
  fashion as well as performance, and micropower voltage
  references have been available. However, it is not often
  that a micropower reference combines common features
  of very low DC errors, and line/load buffering. The circuit
  of Figure 1 is an unusual form of reference circuit, in that
  it achieves these goals.
  The leading virtue of this circuit lies in how it capitalizes
  on some key operating features for all of the devices used.
  First, the LTВ®1034, a 1.2V two terminal reference diode
  allows basic low TC micropower operation, by virtue of its (4V TO 9V)
  2
  3nA – 8 A …

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  Designing with a New Family of Instrumentation Amplifiers &mdash DN40
  PDF, 554 Kb, File published: Oct 1, 1990
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  Designing with a New Family of Instrumental Amplifiers
  Design Note 40
  Jim Williams
  A new family of IC instrumentation amplifiers achieves
  performance and cost advantages over other alternatives.
  Conceptually, an instrumentation amplifier is simple.
  Figure 1 shows that the device has passive, fully differential inputs, a single ended output and internally set
  gain. Additionally, the output is delivered with respect to
  the reference pin, which is usually grounded. Maintaining
  high performance with these features is difficult, accounting for the cost-performance disadvantages previously
  associated with instrumentation amplifiers.
  Figure 2 summarizes specifications for the amplifier
  family. The LTC В®1100 has the extremely low offset, drift,
  and bias current associated with chopper stabilization
  techniques. The LTВ®1101 requires only 105ВµA of supply
  current while retaining excellent DC characteristics. The
  FET input LT1102 features high speed while maintaining
  +
  – → NO FEEDBACK RESISTORS USED
  в†’ GAIN FIXED INTERNALLY (TYP 10 OR 100)
  OR SOMETIMES RESITOR PROGRAMMABLE
  в†’ BALANCED, PASSIVE INPUTS
  в†’ …

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  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison &mdash DN42
  PDF, 70 Kb, File published: Dec 1, 1990
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  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison
  Design Note 42
  George Erdi Table 1 lists the parameters of importance. In all input
  parameters (except noise) the advantage unquestionably goes to the choppers. 5ОјV maximum offset voltage, 0.5ОјV/В°C maximum drift are commonly found
  Table 1. Chopper Stabilized vs Precision Bipolar Op Amps
  ADVANTAGE
  PARAMETER
  Offset Voltage
  Offset Drift
  All Other DC Specs CHOPPER BIPOLAR COMMENTS
  вњ“
  вњ“
  вњ“ No Contest Wideband, 20Hz to
  1MHz вњ“ See Details in Text Noise вњ“ See Details in Text вњ“ Rail to Rail Swing
  2mA Limit on
  Choppers Output: Light Load
  Heavy Load
  Single Supply
  Application вњ“ вњ“ Inherent to
  Choppers Needs
  Special Design
  Bipolars В±15V Supply Voltage вњ“ Except LTC1150 Prejudice/Tradition вњ“ Still a Chopper
  Problem Cost 08/90/86_conv вњ“ Unless DC …

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  Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers &mdash DN45
  PDF, 69 Kb, File published: Mar 1, 1991
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  Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers
  Design Note 45
  Jim Williams
  High accuracy, stability, and wide operating range make
  platinum RTDs (resistance temperature detectors)
  popular temperature transducers. Signal conditioning
  these devices requires care to utilize their desirable
  characteristics. Figure 1’s bridge-based circuit is highly
  accurate and features a ground referred RTD. The ground
  connection is often desirable for noise rejection. The
  bridges RTD leg is driven by a current source while the
  opposing bridge branch is voltage biased. The current
  drive allows the voltage across the RTD to vary directly
  with its temperature induced resistance shift. The difference between this potential and that of the opposing
  bridge leg forms the bridges output.
  A1A and instrumentation amplifier A2 form a voltage
  controlled current source. A1A, biased by the LTВ®1009
  reference, drives current through the 88.7О© resistor and
  the RTD. A2, sensing differentially across the 88.7Ω resistor, closes a loop back to A1A. The 2k-0.1μF combination sets amplifier roll-off, and the configuration
  is stable. Because A1A’s loop forces a fixed voltage
  across the 88.7О© resistor, the current through Rp is
  constant. A1’s operating point is primarily fixed by the
  2.5V LT1009 voltage reference. …

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  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps &mdash DN56
  PDF, 78 Kb, File published: Feb 1, 1992
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  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps -Design Note 56
  George Erdi
  The latest trend in digital electronics is the introduction
  of numerous ICs operating on regulated 3V or 3.3V
  power supplies. This is a logical development to increase
  circuit densities and to reduce power dissipation. In addition, many systems are directly powered by two AA
  cells or 3V lithium batteries. Clearly, analog ICs which
  work on 3V with good dynamic range to complement
  these digital circuits are, and will be, in great demand.
  Many Linear Technology operational amplifiers work
  well on a 3V supply. The purpose of this design note
  is to list these devices and their performance when
  powered by 3V. The op amps can be divided into two
  groups: single and dual supply devices. The single supply
  op amps are optimized for, and fully specified at, a 5V
  positive supply with the negative supply terminal tied
  to ground. Input common mode voltage range goes
  below ground, and the output swings to within a few
  millivolts of ground while sinking current. Members of
  the single supply family are the micropower LTВ®1077/
  LT1078/LT1079 single, dual and quad op amps with
  40μA supply current per amplifier, the LT1178/LT1179 dual and quad with 13μA per amplifier. The LT1006/
  LT1013/LT1014 single, dual and quad have faster speed …

Articles

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  Consider New Precision Amplifiers for Updated Industrial Equipment Designs &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 154 Kb, File published: Sep 1, 2009
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  L DESIGN FEATURES Consider New Precision Amplifiers for
  Updated Industrial Equipment Designs
  by Brian Black Introduction
  Industrial equipment is designed for
  long life cycles, so the electronic components used in industrial applications
  are often chosen with significant emphasis on proven performance, quality
  and reliability. Precision amplifiers are
  no exception. Even if new and innovative amplifiers become available over a
  product’s lifetime, a redesigned board
  is often built using the same proven
  op amps in the old board. Even for
  entirely new applications, designers
  will choose amplifiers that have proven
  their mettle in other circuits, making a
  choice based more on familiarity than
  performance.
  Although an amplifier may have
  been tried and proven in a design, it
  is not necessarily the best solution for
  every new design. Many can benefit
  from using more recently released
  amplifiers, which can improve overall
  system performance, reduce power …

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Manufacturer's Classification

• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) > High Voltage Amplifiers (>12V) | Precision Amplifiers (Vos | Low Power Amplifiers (Is < 1mA/amp)