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Application Notes

• Download
  Bridge Circuits &mdash AN43
  PDF, 3.8 Mb, File published: Jun 1, 1990
  Subtitled "Marrying Gain and Balance," this note covers signal conditioning circuits for various types of bridges. Included are transducer bridges, AC bridges, Wien bridge oscillators, Schottky bridges, and others. Special attention is given to amplifier selection criteria. Appended sections cover strain gauge transducers, understanding distortion measurements, and historical perspectives on bridge readout mechanisms and Wein bridge oscillators.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 43
  June 1990
  Bridge Circuits
  Marrying Gain and Balance
  Jim Williams
  Bridge circuits are among the most elemental and powerful
  electrical tools. They are found in measurement, switching, oscillator and transducer circuits. Additionally, bridge
  techniques are broadband, serving from DC to bandwidths
  well into the GHz range. The electrical analog of the mechanical beam balance, they are also the progenitor of all
  electrical differential techniques. and stability of the basic configuration. In particular, transducer manufacturers are quite adept at adapting the bridge
  to their needs (see Appendix A, “Strain Gauge Bridges”).
  Careful matching of the transducer’s mechanical characteristics to the bridge’s electrical response can provide a
  trimmed, calibrated output. Similarly, circuit designers
  have altered performance by adding active elements (e.g.,
  amplifiers) to the bridge, excitation source or both. Resistance Bridges
  Figure 1 shows a basic resistor bridge. The circuit is
  usually credited to Charles Wheatstone, although S. H.
  Christie, who demonstrated it in 1833, almost certainly
  preceded him.1 If all resistor values are equal (or the two
  sides ratios are equal) the differential voltage is zero. The
  excitation voltage does not alter this, as it affects both
  sides equally. When the bridge is operating off null, the
  excitation’s magnitude sets output sensitivity. The bridge …

• Download
  Measurement and Control Circuit Collection &mdash AN45
  PDF, 1.2 Mb, File published: Jun 5, 1991
  A variety of measurement and control circuits are included in this application note. Eighteen circuits, including ultra low noise amplifiers, current sources, transducer signal conditioners, oscillators, data converters and power supplies are presented. The circuits emphasize precision specifications with relatively simple configurations.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 45
  June 1991
  Measurement and Control Circuit Collection
  Diapers and Designs on the Night Shift
  Jim Williams
  Introduction
  During my wife’s pregnancy I wondered what it would
  really be like when the baby was finally born. Before that
  time, there just wasn’t much mothering and fathering to
  do. As a consolation, we busied ourselves watching the
  baby’s heartbeat (Figure 1) on a thrown-together fetal heart
  monitor (see References). feedings. As such, the circuits are annotated with the
  number of feedings required for their completion; e.g., a
  “3-bottle circuit” took three feedings. The circuit’s degree
  of difficulty, and Michael’s degree of cooperation, combined
  to determine the bottle rating, which is duly recorded in
  each figure.
  Low Noise and Drift Chopped Bipolar Amplifier
  Figure 2’s circuit combines the low noise of an LT®1028
  with a chopper based carrier modulation scheme to achieve
  an extraordinarily low noise, low drift DC amplifier. DC
  drift and noise performance exceed any currently available
  monolithic amplifier. Offset is inside 1ОјV, with drift less …

• Download
  A Collection of Differential to Single-Ended Signal Conditioning Circuits for Use with the LTC2400, a 24-Bit No Latency Delta Sigma ADC in an SO-8 &mdash AN78
  PDF, 177 Kb, File published: Aug 7, 1999
  This application note describes six low power differential-tosingle- ended signal conditioning circuits for the LTC2400 No Latency ΔΣTM 24-bit ADC. These circuits offer the customer a number of choices for conditioning differential input signals as low as 5mV to as high as ±2.5V, as well as operation on a single 5V or ±5V supplies. Each circuit description also covers circuit design and implementation techniques that can help preserve the LTC2400's inherently high effective resolution. AN78 concludes with two circuits for digitizing temperature when using an RTD or Type S thermocouple.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 78
  August 1999
  A Collection of Differential to Single-Ended Signal Conditioning
  Circuits for Use with the LTC2400, a 24-Bit No Latency ∆Σ ADC
  in an SO-8
  By Kevin R. Hoskins and Derek V. Redmayne
  INTRODUCTION
  The LTC®2400 is the industry’s first No Latency ∆ΣTM ADC
  that combines automatic offset and full-scale calibration,
  an internal oscillator, a sinc4 digital filter, and serial I/O to
  yield a 24-bit ADC with 1.5ВµVRMS input noise and singleshot conversion time architecture. It is the ideal
  A/D converter for temperature measurement and high
  effective resolution instrumentation applications, such as
  digital multimeters.
  This application note contains six circuits that
  extend the LTC2400’s capabilities using a number of low power differential-to-single-ended signal conditioning circuits. These circuits offer the customer a number of
  choices for conditioning differential input signals as low as
  5mV to as high as В±2.5V, as well as operation on a single
  5V or В±5V supplies. In each case, careful circuit design and
  implementation techniques were used to maintain or preserve the LTC2400’s inherently high effective resolution.
  In some cases, circuit accuracies (uncalibrated) exceed
  17 bits.
  , LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. …

• Download
  A Standards Lab Grade 20-Bit DAC with 0.1ppm/В° Drift: The Dedicated Art of Digitizing One Part Per Million &mdash AN86
  PDF, 540 Kb, File published: Jan 1, 2001
  This publication details a true 1ppm D-to-A converter. Total DC error of this processor corrected DAC remains within 1ppm from 18-32°C, including reference drift. DAC error exclusive of reference drift is substantially better. Construction details and performance verification techniques are included, along with a complete software listing.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 86
  January 2001
  A Standards Lab Grade 20-Bit DAC with 0.1ppm/В°C Drift
  The Dedicated Art of Digitizing One Part Per Million
  Jim Williams
  J. Brubaker
  P. Copley
  J. Guerrero
  F. Oprescu INTRODUCTION
  Significant progress in high precision, instrumentation
  grade D-to-A conversion has recently occurred. Ten years
  ago 12-bit D-to-A converters (DACs) were considered
  premium devices. Today, 16-bit DACs are available and
  increasingly common in system design. These are true
  precision devices with less than 1LSB linearity error and
  1ppm/В°C drift.1 Nonetheless, there are DAC applications
  that require even higher performance. Automatic test
  equipment, instruments, calibration apparatus, laser trimmers, medical electronics and other applications often
  require DAC accuracy beyond 16 bits. 18-bit DACs have
  been produced in circuit assembly form, although they are
  expensive and require frequent calibration. 20 and even
  23+ (0.1ppm!) bit DACs are represented by manually
  switched Kelvin-Varley dividers. These devices, although …

• Download
  Signal Sources, Conditioners and Power Circuitry Circuits of the Fall, 2004 &mdash AN98
  PDF, 886 Kb, File published: Nov 19, 2004
  Eighteen circuits are presented in this compilation. Signal sources include a voltage controlled current source, an amplitude/frequency stabilized sine wave oscillator, a versatile, 0V to 50V wideband level shift and four sub-nanosecond pulse generators with risetimes as low as 20ps. Five signal conditioners appear; a unique, single positive rail powered amplifier with output to (and below) zero volts, a milliohmmeter, a 0.02% accurate instrumentation amplifier with 120dB CMRR at 125VCM, a 100MHz switch with 5mV control channel feedthrough and a 5V powered, 15ppm linearity quartz stabilized V→F, converter. The power circuits section features a Xenon flashlamp supply, two 5V powered, 0V to 300V DC/DC converters, a fixed 200V output circuit for APD bias, a 100W 0V to 500V, 28V powered converter and a high current paralleling scheme for linear regulators. Two appended sections consider measurement technique and connection practice in sub-nanosecond circuits.
  Extract from the document

  Application Note 98
  November 2004
  Signal Sources, Conditioners and Power Circuitry
  Circuits of the Fall, 2004
  Jim Williams
  Introduction
  Occasionally, we are tasked with designing circuitry for a
  specific purpose. The request may have customer origins
  or it may be an in-house requirement. Alternately, a circuit
  may be developed because its possibility is simply too
  attractive to ignore1. Over time, these circuits accumulate,
  encompassing a wide and useful body of proven capabilities. They also represent substantial effort. These considerations make publication an almost obligatory proposition
  and, as such, a group of circuits is presented here. This is
  not the first time we have displayed such wares and, given
  the encouraging reader response, it will not be the last2.
  Eighteen circuits are included in this latest effort, roughly
  arranged in the categories given in this publication’s title.
  They appear at the next paragraph.
  Voltage Controlled Current Source—Ground Referred
  Input and Output
  A voltage controlled current source with ground referred
  input and output is difficult to achieve. Executions exist,
  but are often cumbersome, involving numerous components. Figure 1’s conceptual design utilizes a differential …

Design Notes

• Download
  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison &mdash DN42
  PDF, 70 Kb, File published: Dec 1, 1990
  Extract from the document

  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison
  Design Note 42
  George Erdi Table 1 lists the parameters of importance. In all input
  parameters (except noise) the advantage unquestionably goes to the choppers. 5ОјV maximum offset voltage, 0.5ОјV/В°C maximum drift are commonly found
  Table 1. Chopper Stabilized vs Precision Bipolar Op Amps
  ADVANTAGE
  PARAMETER
  Offset Voltage
  Offset Drift
  All Other DC Specs CHOPPER BIPOLAR COMMENTS
  вњ“
  вњ“
  вњ“ No Contest Wideband, 20Hz to
  1MHz вњ“ See Details in Text Noise вњ“ See Details in Text вњ“ Rail to Rail Swing
  2mA Limit on
  Choppers Output: Light Load
  Heavy Load
  Single Supply
  Application вњ“ вњ“ Inherent to
  Choppers Needs
  Special Design
  Bipolars В±15V Supply Voltage вњ“ Except LTC1150 Prejudice/Tradition вњ“ Still a Chopper
  Problem Cost 08/90/86_conv вњ“ Unless DC …

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Manufacturer's Classification

• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) > Low Bias Current Amplifiers (Ib < 100pA) | High Voltage Amplifiers (>12V) | Precision Amplifiers (Vos | Zero-Drift Amplifiers | Low Power Amplifiers (Is < 1mA/amp)