Articles

A project in the UK and the Netherlands is using Large Language Models (LLMs) to create hardware designs with a technique it calls Conversational Prototyping. While LLMs are widely used for developing code, the project is exploring how they can be ...

PWM is a simple, cool, cheap, cheerful, and (therefore) popular DAC technology. Excellent differential nonlinearity (DNL) and monotonicity are virtually guaranteed by PWM. Also guaranteed are a stable zero and a full-scale accuracy that’s ...

High speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are by definition devices that sample an analog signal and, as such, must have sample clock inputs. Some system designers that utilize ADCs have observed a slower than expected startup from the time ...

Abstract This article discusses the applications of an operational amplifier for electrochemical gas sensors such as ethanol and carbon monoxide (CO). It also discusses the desired performance to provide optimum results for accurate measurement of ...

Solar events have destroyed grids, set wires on fire, downed satellites. Are we ready for the next big one? Hollywood would have us believe that we could avert a global catastrophe from a solar flare by using technology (solar attack) or even ...

Most mission-critical systems need to be designed for near-zero downtime throughout their useful life. So, if a component of such a system fails or needs updating, it must be replaced without interrupting the rest of the system. Here, the board or ...

Impact of ADC resolution and its reference Engineers always want to get all they can from their circuits; this holds for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). To maximize performance from an ADC, resolution is perhaps the primary spec to focus on. ...

When tasked with a current sensing requirement, designers typically look first to using dedicated resistors designed for this task. Occasionally though there is the temptation to consider sensing current in a printed circuit board (PCB) trace. ...

Voltage to current conversion circuits can take on several forms depending on the nature of the load connections. In those cases where the load is single ended, that is one end must be connected to ground, and where bipolar current flow is ...

Lace Lithography AS (Bergen, Norway) is developing a form of lithography that uses atoms fired at a surface to define features at resolutions beyond what is possible using extreme ultraviolet lithography. What Lace Litho calls BEUV can ...