Circuits & Schematics Analogue Design - 7

In adjustable, frequency-selective RC networks, the reciprocal of an RC product, ωC = 1/RC, determines the corner frequencies of the network. If the adjustable elements are potentiometers with a linear-control characteristic that is, taper ...

To determine the specifications of a solar-generating plant, I needed to accurately measure the load current a product consumed. The product switched several internal devices on and off during an interval of several seconds. An ammeter showed that ...

Sometimes, you need to distinguish between two voltages, using some hysteresis in the decision. When the levels of the compared signals vary over a wide range (for example, a few orders of magnitude), the hysteresis width should vary similarly to ...

It seems deceptively simple to establish galvanic isolation with the help of optocouplers between circuits that operate at different ground potentials. Optocouplers draw power from the isolated circuit, and switching can be relatively slow and ...

When processing signals from analog sensors, you frequently encounter wide variations in attenuation among communication channels or sensors. Or, you face situations in which several identical sensors within a supervised system return signals of ...

In addition to the traditional lead-acid battery, modern electric/hybrid cars often include a large capacitor (40 F or more) as a backup power source. Located under the rear seat, this capacitor ensures an extra 10 to 15 minutes of driving time ...

The classic implementation of a voltage-halving circuit uses two equal-value resistors. Using 1% resistors provides a divider output with 2% accuracy. For most applications, this performance is cost-effective and more than adequate. However, when ...

You can build an analog calculator using a pulse-width modulator (PWM) to perform accurate four-quadrant multiplication and division. While this approach won’t help you ace any math tests, it demonstrates some useful sub-circuits that extend ...

This circuit was born from an application that required an input signal to be precisely clamped to less than 2.5 V, while operating on a 2.5 V supply (actually a reference) with a maximum output of 4 mA. Since the signal’s dynamic range is ...

The circuit in Figure 1, using a low-offset amplifier, is a basic ohmmeter circuit common in multimeters, except for the addition of the two diode-connected transistors. A current source supplies a selectable current, I M , to ranging from 100 nA ...