.. which lets you use a smaller value for C 2 . R 10 and R 11 increase IC 1D ’s hysteresis to improve the sound frequency's stability. All capacitors are ceramic, ensuring low leakage current. Reference Tregre, Jeff, ...
.. the filter parameters. The biquadratic, or biquad, filter is an exception, however. You can change that filter's corner frequency (ω 0 ), Q, and gain (H) by adjusting the values of three resistors. For that purpose, the lowpass ...
.. source with a novel LM317 topology. The asterisked resistors are 1% or better and R S = 1.25 Ω. The 5-Vpp PWM input has a frequency (F PWM ) assumed to be 10 kHz or thereabouts. If it doesn’t, scale C 1 appropriately with: The ...
.. analog designer and author Jim Williams published an awesome design in 1986 for a 100-MHz voltage to frequency converter ( Ref. 1 ). He named this high-climber (picture it on the roof of the Empire State building ...
.. design techniques for audio VCOs that have an exponential (a.k.a. linear in pitch) relationship between control voltage and frequency. Great work Nick! I became particularly interested in the topic during a lively discussion (typical of ...
.. Sometimes called motor boating, squegging causes oscillators to start and stop at frequencies much lower than the frequency of interest. Viewed on an oscilloscope, squegging looks like bursts of oscillations. On a spectrum ...
.. it’s worth recalling certain requirements for an analog oscillator: a feedback circuit which, at the oscillation frequency F OSC Hz, has a loop gain magnitude of unity and a phase shift of either 0 or a multiple of 360 ...
.. implementing a 1-bit delay detects the error. You can display error pulses on an oscilloscope or count them by using a frequency counter. Figure 2 shows a typical test setup. You modulate the RF generator at the prescribed data ...
.. Q2’s IC control current generation. The daisy chain of three 1N4001 diodes provides bias for Q2 and Q4. The PWM input frequency is assumed to be 10 kHz or thereabouts. Ripple filtering is the purpose of C1 and C2 and gets some help ...
.. analog subtraction” ( Ref. 1 ). Since ripple filter C1 and C2 capacitors are shown sized for 8 bits and a 10-kHz PWM frequency, for this scheme to work properly with different frequency and resolution, the capacitances will need ...