A 4 to 20 mA loop current is a popular terminology with Instrumentation/Electronics engineers in process industries. Field transmitters like pressure, temperature, flow, etc., give out 4 to 20 mA current signals corresponding to the respective ...
The Ćuk topology is ideal for generating a negative output voltage from a positive supply voltage. Negative voltages are needed in many systems to enable useful readout of signals from certain sensors. For this, a signal chain may need to be ...
It's important to properly sequence the bias applied to an RF/microwave GaAs FET or a MMIC (monolithic-microwave-IC) amplifier. These devices are extremely sensitive to drain and gate voltage levels as well as to the order in which these biases ...
Abstract Robust systems often allow multiple power sources. When different power sources are used to power a device, switches need to be implemented to separate the power supplies from each other to avoid damage. This can be accomplished with ...
The switching power supply in Figure 1 produces 3.3 V dc from an input voltage of 2.5 to 20 V dc with high efficiency. The circuit operates at an input voltage as low as 1.5 V once it starts from a minimum of 2.5 V dc, allowing the switcher to ...
A common problem for power-supply designers is to create a compact, dual-polarity step-down converter. If space and cost are not concerns, the obvious solution is a pair of DC/DC converters, one for each output. But space and cost are almost always ...
High accuracy, stability, and wide operating range make platinum RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) popular temperature transducers. Signal conditioning these devices requires care to utilize their desirable characteristics. Figure 1’s ...
Even switch-mode power supplies with a fixed switching frequency do not always show a continuing pattern of pulses. In some conditions, pulses are omitted for various reasons. This is important to consider for output ripple voltage and EMI effects. ...
Several Design Ideas (DIs) have employed the subject ICs to implement programmable current sources in an innovative manner ( References 1-3 ). Figure 1 shows the idea. Figure 1. Two independent current sources, one for loads referenced to the more ...
Isolated flyback converters usually evoke thoughts-or bitter memories-of custom transformers, slipped delivery schedules, and agency-approval problems. Off-the-shelf flyback transformers carry isolation ratings of only 300 to 500 V and rarely of as ...