Articles

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  1. Ellie Gabel
    Quantum computers are among today’s most exciting emerging technologies, but their design, testing, and manufacturing require unparalleled care to avoid damaging their components. Semiconductors are sensitive, so they require production ...
    May 13, 2025
  2. Christopher Paul
    The ever innovative and prolific Mr. Woodward has offered “PWM-programmed LM317 constant current source” [ 1 ], an intriguing programmable constant current source which elicited a lively conversation in its comments section. A Zen ...
    May 7, 2025
  1. Frederik Dostal
    Many different switching regulator topologies exist. Some, such as the classic stepdown converter, also known as a buck converter, are very widespread. However, there are also a few lesser known switch-mode dc-to-dc converters, including the zeta ...
    May 1, 2025
  2. Michael Wyatt
    Injection locking [ 1 ] can not only improve oscillator frequency stability and phase noise, but act as a selective frequency divider as well [ 2 ], [ 3 ]. You can find sample setups of a simple two-transistor LC-based Peltz oscillator (Figure 1) ...
    Mar 31, 2025
  3. Arthur Kay
    Most operational amplifiers (op amps) have input and output electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection diodes, as shown in Figure 1. These diodes are designed for protection from ESD damage during device testing and product assembly. Figure 1. Op ...
    Mar 26, 2025
  4. Jerry Madalvanos
    In operational amplifier stability, one rule of thumb is to allow 45 degrees of phase margin. Other design guidelines state that 60 degrees is best; still others say that 30 degrees is sufficient. These numbers are all attempts to ensure stable ...
    Mar 25, 2025
  5. John Dunn
    Imagine that you have a voltage source in series with some source resistance feeding power to a variable load. The relationship between load voltage, load current, and cell current can be drawn as follows in Figure 1. Figure 1. The load voltage ...
    Mar 20, 2025
  6. Jean-Bernard Guiot
    Microcontrollers must often read the status of switches in control applications. A typical switch configuration uses pullup resistors on both of the switches to pull the signals high or low for the microcontroller to read. The controlling output in ...
    Mar 19, 2025
  7. Vittorio Ricchiuti
    Differential signaling is a common technique for obtaining high noise immunity for critical signals in high-speed digital pc-board systems. The pc board's traces, carrying differential signals, are often edge-coupled offset striplines, with the ...
    Mar 18, 2025
  8. Nick Cornford
    Audio Oscillators Texas Instruments CD4013B CD4015B CD4013B
    In Part 1, we saw how to make an oscillator whose pitch, as opposed to frequency, can be made proportional to a control voltage. In this second part, we’ll look at some alternative ways of arranging things for other possible applications. To ...
    Mar 14, 2025