A 4 to 20 mA loop current is a popular terminology with Instrumentation/Electronics engineers in process industries. Field transmitters like pressure, temperature, flow, etc., give out 4 to 20 mA current signals corresponding to the respective ...
The Ćuk topology is ideal for generating a negative output voltage from a positive supply voltage. Negative voltages are needed in many systems to enable useful readout of signals from certain sensors. For this, a signal chain may need to be ...
It's important to properly sequence the bias applied to an RF/microwave GaAs FET or a MMIC (monolithic-microwave-IC) amplifier. These devices are extremely sensitive to drain and gate voltage levels as well as to the order in which these biases ...
Abstract Robust systems often allow multiple power sources. When different power sources are used to power a device, switches need to be implemented to separate the power supplies from each other to avoid damage. This can be accomplished with ...
The switching power supply in Figure 1 produces 3.3 V dc from an input voltage of 2.5 to 20 V dc with high efficiency. The circuit operates at an input voltage as low as 1.5 V once it starts from a minimum of 2.5 V dc, allowing the switcher to ...
.. original sinusoidal frequency, a little trigonometry and four-quadrant multipliers can be useful. Consider the following SPICE simulation in Figure 1. Figure 1. Two analog frequency doublers, A1 + U1 and A2 + U2, in cascade to form a ...
A common problem for power-supply designers is to create a compact, dual-polarity step-down converter. If space and cost are not concerns, the obvious solution is a pair of DC/DC converters, one for each output. But space and cost are almost always ...
.. equation for V 0 given in Figure 1 comes from the Ebers-Moll model. A more advanced model employed by many modern spice simulators, such as LTspice, is the Gummel-Poon model, which I won’t discuss here. It suffices for ...
.. are available! Capturing the bounces from a real switch and then replaying them at varying rates is one approach, and SPICE models are apparently available. I’ve not played with the latter, but trust that its developers had fun ...
High accuracy, stability, and wide operating range make platinum RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) popular temperature transducers. Signal conditioning these devices requires care to utilize their desirable characteristics. Figure 1’s ...