A "capacitor-dropper" circuit can also be used to drive an LED directly from the AC line; despite its apparent simplicity, it's actually a circuit with subtleties and also has some regulatory/safety issues (upper: 230 VAC and lower: 110 VAC)
Figure 2. A "capacitor-dropper" circuit can also be used to drive an LED directly from the AC line; despite its apparent simplicity, it's actually a circuit with subtleties and also has some regulatory/safety issues (upper: 230 VAC and lower: 110 VAC)