High school trigonometry combined with four-quadrant multipliers can be exploited to yield sinusoidal frequency doublers. Nothing non-linear is involved, which means no possibly strident filtering requirements. Starting with some sinusoidal signal ...
A Planet Analog article, “2N3904: Why use a 60-year-old transistor?” ( Ref. 1 ) by Bill Schweber, inspired some interest in this old transistor and how it’s commonly used, and if any uncommon uses might exist. Here’s one we ...
The typical anti-log circuit The basic anti-log amplifier looks like the familiar circuit of Figure 1. Figure 1. The typical anti-log circuit has uncertainties related to the reverse current, I S , and is sensitive to temperature. The approximate ...
Back on December 3, 2024, a Design Idea (DI) was published, “Single-supply single-ended inputs to pseudo class A/B differential output amp” ( Ref. 1 ), which created some discussion about using the circuit as a full wave rectifier. The ...
Abstract This article discusses the applications of an operational amplifier for electrochemical gas sensors such as ethanol and carbon monoxide (CO). It also discusses the desired performance to provide optimum results for accurate measurement of ...
Voltage to current conversion circuits can take on several forms depending on the nature of the load connections. In those cases where the load is single ended, that is one end must be connected to ground, and where bipolar current flow is ...
Most operational amplifiers (op amps) have input and output electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection diodes, as shown in Figure 1. These diodes are designed for protection from ESD damage during device testing and product assembly. Figure 1. Op ...
From the micromixer topology by Barrie Gilbert [ 1 ], this amplifier allows a single-ended input to be converted to a Class A/B current output from a single supply. As shown in Figure 1 with an LTspice implementation, the circuit employs 6 bipolar ...
Introduction High precision op amps enable system designers to create circuits that condition signals (amplify, filter, and buffer) while maintaining the precision of the original signal. When information is contained in very small variations of ...
I would sometimes have to interview someone to fill an engineering position in my company. Which company that was, changed from time to time, but I needed a way to see just how competent someone was at circuit analysis, somebody with whom I would ...