.. components are not particularly critical. The 2N4401 can be just about any NPN general purpose small-signal transistor. The TL431 is a shunt voltage regulator but it is being used as an audio amplifier in this circuit. In fact, the whole ...
.. constant current into a nice, evenly stepped output voltage. This could probably be done using a voltage reference (e.g., TL431) and a transistor. But that means additional active components and careful design. This is getting away from ...
Most isolated, offline SMPSs (switched-mode power supplies), including flyback, forward, and resonant, must operate at input voltages of 90 to 260 V rms. Some cases even use line-to-line voltages of 400 V rms 10%, leading to increased ...
Requiring only a handful of inexpensive components, the circuit breaker in Figure 1 responds to both overcurrent- and overvoltage-fault conditions. At the heart of the circuit, D 2 , an adjustable, precision, shunt-voltage regulator, provides a ...
Many of the sensors capturing information from the world around us are resistive. A few examples are NTC, PTC, LDR, contact sensors. If we convert the resistance of the sensors into frequency or pulse duration, these parameters can be measured by ...
.. output voltage and Q1 acts as a simple error amplifier. Although the regulation is inferior to that of a conventional TL431 and optocoupler feedback circuit, it is typically adequate for most applications with a regulation of +/- 5% ...
.. S 1 switches the DPM between a set value and the actual temperature readout. You derive the reference voltage from a TL431 shunt regulator (not shown). The LED lights up when Q 2 is on. Figure 1. IC 1 senses the temperature of the ...
.. a dual comparator circuit LM393 I have conceived the two regulators: of current respectively of voltage. The zener diode TL431 previously ordered is the reference source of the assembly and it insures a constant voltage of 2.5V by ...