.. sinking current at its cathode and turning on the LED through D2. The potential at the TL431 cathode will drop as low as a volt or two. The TL431 can sink upwards of 100 mA and lights the LED very well. The TL431 will turn on when the sensed ...
.. Figure 1. Dual-output hybrid SEPIC-Ćuk converter. To find out the output voltages we apply the principle of inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance. To simplify the calculus, we neglect the voltage drop over the ...
.. coil if available or a suitable coil from some other device. The coil in the prototype was salvaged from a surplus 24 volt relay. Actually, two relays were needed since the first was destroyed in the attempt to remove the surrounding ...
.. voltage across the two 1 ohm emitter resistors to a precise value set by the selected 220 ohm across the inputs. With a 15 volt supply, one can calculate that there's about 16 mV across the 220 ohm in the schematic and the op-amps force ...
.. resistance needs to be high enough to not exceed the power supply current limit. I wanted to stay below 0.5 amp with a 5 volt supply (5 / 0.5 = 10 ohms) and targeted 10 to 15 ohm coil. Figure 2. Electromagnetic coil. As the circuit has now ...
.. then remove one of them. When formed, the coil can be removed from the form. The coil is tapped one half turn from the 9 volt supply side to make a connection for the antenna. A one meter long wire antenna is sufficient. The 0.04 to 6 pF ...
.. If the gain is made such that the cold output has a certain value (0 V, for example), then each additional volt will correspond to a definite temperature rise (34 C in this example). The gain and injection components can be ...
.. follower, with D1 D2 clamping the input to one diode drop above or below the output. When the input step-changes by a volt or more, the diodes will keep the voltage across R2 at a nearly constant 0.3 V (because the output will follow ...
.. term depends on the gain of Q 2 , the measured voltage is usually somewhat different, but is typically in the 2 to 3 volt range. The current in RIN also adds into the voltage on R 2 (Eq. 9), and if R 1 is too small, the current will ...
.. a sampling time of 50 µs. The thermistor’s voltage reading is stored in binary format in the variable “ volt ” with the instruction ADCIN 0, volt . Then, this reading is multiplied by 48,828 to convert it to decimal, ...