.. or high and is loaded only by a 10 MΩ-input digital multimeter, the voltage levels are in some cases more than 100 mV from supply voltage V DD and ground Let’s call this saturation errors.” The accuracy of PWM DACs depends on ...
.. enough that, unlike Figure 2, Figure 1’s Q1 needs no heatsink and the overall circuit runs from only half the supply voltage. Heating efficiency depends on hotwire length, and ranges from 83% for 5 feet, to 94% for 15. These ...
.. to convert the current signal into a voltage signal. Accidentally connecting the precision shunts to the current-loop power supply can cause damage, after which you must replace the shunt and recalibrate the system. To avoid that expense, ...
.. and drives a 680 µF capacitor to approximate a battery. Diodes preclude reverse biasing the output capacitor during supply sequencing and the 1µF -150k combination provides stable loop compensation. Figure 1. Battery simulator ...
.. This circuit can also be used in power sensitive applications. With a total quiescent current of 5 mA and a dual 5 V power supply, it consumes about 50 mW, which is 50% less than other solutions with primary ADC drivers (for example, the ...
.. for the 2N5485 shown and largely independent of rail voltages from 9 V to 30 V. Make sure the device can withstand the peak supply voltage, though data sheet values are usually conservative. When built into equipment where the supply is ...
.. at the V CC /2 bias voltage generated by R3 and R4. With the circuit configuration shown, the PWM operates on a single supply. Use micropower op amps and larger resistors (R and R1 to R4) for low-power applications and high-frequency ...
.. devices when you need a tighter tolerance. Optocouplers are commonly used in the feedback path of a switched-mode power supply. The CTR determines the DC gain of a power supply’s open-loop frequency response, which affects the ...
.. the simple VFC shown in Figure 1 is a variation on that basic theme. It’s adapted for operation from a single supply rail, with convenient and flexible differential bipolar inputs, and acceptable linearity while running at ...
.. oscillate automatically. When the capacitor reaches each threshold, the charging source is switched from the negative power supply to the positive power supply, and vice versa. There is an RC circuit between the inverting input and the ...