.. is roughly 100 kHz under control of the U1c Schmidt trigger style oscillator, so that a charge transfer occurs every 10 µs. Note the positive feedback around U1c via R3 and inverse feedback via R1, R2, and C1. The resulting ...
.. at and below zero volts, generating symmetrical output signals, and processing bipolar analog inputs, are all examples of design situations where a few milliamps of negative voltage rail can be a necessity. Figure 1 shows a simple ...