Circuits & Schematics: Wire

1. Positive analog feedback linearizes 4 to 20 mA PRTD transmitter
   Stephen Woodward
   Circuits Analogue Design Measurement Interfaces Texas Instruments LM10
   .. ideally be in a TO-220 or similar package if V LOOP 15 V. References Woodward, Stephen. Simple but accurate 4 to 20 mA two-wire transmitter for PRTDs. Williams, Jim. Signal Conditioning for Platinum Temperature Transducers. Materials on the ...
   Sep 14, 2025

2. Simple but accurate 4 to 20 mA two-wire transmitter for PRTDs
   Stephen Woodward
   Circuits Analogue Design Measurement Interfaces Analog Devices LM4040
   Accurate, inexpensive, and mature platinum resistance temperature detectors (PRTDs) with an operating range extending from the cryogenic to the incendiary are a gold (no! platinum! ) standard for temperature measurement. Similarly, the 4 to 20 mA ...
   Sep 2, 2025

3. Matchmaker
   Stephen Woodward
   Circuits Analogue Design Measurement Maxim MAX4053
   .. parameter for excitation symmetry) is reduced to a usually insignificant 10/10 5 = 100 µΩ. The component lead wire and PWB trace resistance will contribute (much) more unless the layout is carefully done. Matching resistors to ...
   Aug 19, 2025
4. 1 amp current injector circuit
   David A. Johnson
   Circuits Measurement Supply Texas Instruments LM385-1.2 LM393 TLC555
   .. is 0.000001 ohms. I often use it to measure contact resistance of a relay or the resistance of big chunk of heavy gauge wire or the resistance of a copper trace on a circuit board. You can also use it to measure the voltage drop of a ...
   Jun 26, 2025
5. Use a three-phase rectifier and voltage reducer for offline single-phase supplies
   Alberto Abal Pena Carlos Castro-Miguens José Benito Castro-Miguens Marcos Pérez-Suárez
   Circuits Supply Power Diodes TL431
   .. or higher line-to-line three-phase voltage. You can feed this value from two or three phases with or without the neutral wire or from just one phase with the neutral wire. This circuit omits two diodes from the typical three-phase ...
   Jun 23, 2025
6. A two-wire temperature transmitter using an RTD sensor
   Jayapal Ramalingam
   Circuits Analogue Design Measurement Texas Instruments INA122 LM334 XTR116U CD40106B
   .. “DIY RTD for a DMM” ( Ref. 1 ). With a fortnight’s struggle, I completed the design of 4 mA to 20 mA, two-wire temperature transmitter using a platinum resistance temperature detector (RTD) sensor, as shown in Figure 1. ...
   Jun 11, 2025
7. Circuit controls microneedle etching
   Stephen Woodward
   Circuits Automation Measurement Supply Texas Instruments LM324 LM7812
   .. fabrication of supersharp, atomic-scale needle tips. One way to make the tips is to etch them from short pieces of platinum wire in a calcium-chloride electrolyte bath. Applying an ac voltage between the electrolyte and the wire generates a ...
   Jun 9, 2025
8. White-LED driver provides 64-step logarithmic dimming
   Will Hadden
   Circuits Supply Light Analog Devices MAX1573 MAX4480
   .. attenuation between H 1 and W 1 (pins 11 and 9). The IC contains two potentiometers controlled by a 16-bit code via a three-wire serial interface. To set the LED current, drive RST high and clock 16 bits into the D terminal of IC 1 , starting ...
   Apr 14, 2025
9. Test technique quantifies jitter of discrete-comparator design
   Tim Davis
   Circuits Measurement Analog Devices AD8220 ADR5041 LT1634 LT3081 REF195
   .. circuit board (PCB) with ground plane. The board used a special scope probe-tip test point with a fitted, spiral ground wire, into which the probe’s ground-sleeve can fit. (This technique is often employed to reduce parasitic ...
   Apr 9, 2025
10. BJT muting switch
    Rod Elliott
    Circuits Audio Fairchild BC549 BC559
    .. where it's easier, cheaper and more convenient to use the circuits shown than to have to source relays, or to try to wire up CMOS switches for muting. While it is possible to use the ideas shown here for source switching, there will be ...
    Apr 1, 2025

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