.. to scale the +5 V reference voltage to +10 V and −10 V. R2, R3, R4, and R5 in these scaling circuits are precision metal foil resistors with 0.01% tolerance and a temperature coefficient of resistance of 0.6 ppm/ C. For optimum ...
.. and, for increased stability, you can replace R 2 with a fixed resistive divider built with low-temperature-coefficient, metal-film, fixed resistors. Part of the signal at Q 4 's collector drives the gate of JFET source follower Q 5 ...
.. The completed probe with bare wire inside senses water through a change in resistance. You can now place this sponge in the metal overflow tray underneath the hot-water heater. When the hot water leaks, the sponge absorbs it. The resistance ...
.. 4.9 PVC (rigid vinyl) 5.3 Latex rubber 5.5 Teflon 10.0 The triboelectric effect can be used in a simple switch (Fig. 1). A metal tine wrapped with Teflon tape is sandwiched between pieces of copper-clad epoxy circuit board stock and covered ...
.. reactance, which limits ac-input current without dissipating excessive heat in this dc fan-speed controller. A flameproof metal-film resistor, R 1 , limits current spikes and transient voltages induced in the ac-power line by lightning ...
.. loss. Data backup is used in embedded systems for maintenance, troubleshooting and repair work. In complex industrial metal machining equipment, it’s important to store the position and state of multiple tools after power ...
.. example. IC 1 is the latching optocoupler. IC 2 is an npn-transistor, NO proximity switch. The proximity switch is on when metal is near its sensing area. A cam with a notch mounts on the motor axis. The motor should stop when the notch ...
.. can be permanently damaged by frequent low-battery indications or by overdischarge. This is specifically true for nickel metal hydride (NiMh) and Li-ion (Li+) batteries. A fully charged NiMh cell is about 1.4 V (unloaded); it supplies a ...
.. BNC connectors. To construct the prototype, wire all components to a section of perforated breadboard stock supported by metal spacers that mount inside a die-cast aluminum enclosure. This method of shielded construction has proved its ...
.. 24 volt relay. Actually, two relays were needed since the first was destroyed in the attempt to remove the surrounding metal so that a single solenoid remained. Epoxy putty was used to secure the thin wires and the whole operation was a ...