.. so C2B now also has V E across it. This is the negative supply. The rectifier is half-wave. C2B is charged at the switching frequency. The output ripple is determined by the switching speed, the value of C1 and C2, and the load current ...
.. The C2 capacitance required for 1 lsb (0.4%) PWM ripple attenuation is where N is number of PWM bits, and F PWM is the PWM frequency (10 kHz illustrated). Then, to avoid messing with U1’s designed loop gain, possibly reducing ...
.. with I S = D/R1 where D equals the 0 to 1 (0% to 100%) PWM duty factor: as D = 0 to 1 The 8-bit PWM resolution and 10-kHz frequency are assumed. The R2C1 single-pole ripple filter has a time constant of approximately 64x the PWM period ...
.. 2 ( Ref. 2 ) A pitch-linear VCO: Part 1 ( Ref. 3 ) and Part 2 ( Ref. 4 ) The linear in pitch function, which makes output frequency proportional to the antilog of voltage, is interesting because it provides a better perceptual ...
.. beyond a certain level of accuracy. This design proceeds with a PWM having 12 bits of resolution in mind, operating at a frequency of approximately 4900 Hz. It’s easy these days to find microprocessors (µPs) that can ...
.. I had to hand were very similar to those shown, being 10 mm in diameter by 6 mm high. Some experiments to check their frequency response practical details later showed a steady 6 dB/octave roll-off below about 15 Hz, implying that ...
.. at 2.4 V. Now the 50 pF capacitor receives charge, while A1 again integrates negative, and the entire cycle repeats. The frequency of this action is a linear function of the input voltage. Figure 2. Fast response V-F waveforms. D1 and ...
.. let us generate pulses with constant energy E PULSE , independent of the resistance of the load R L . Then by changing the frequency f of the pulses we can conveniently and precisely control the load power (P = f E PULSE ), from 0 to a ...
.. The C1 and C2 values shown are scaled for F PWM = 10 kHz to provide an 8-bit settling time of 6 ms. If a different PWM frequency is used, scale both capacitors by 10 kHz/FPWM. A hot topic is that Q4 can be called on to dissipate ...
.. the noise, the greater the size, expense, and difficulty of the filter design. Power supplies that operate at a fixed frequency have their largest EMI emission at this fundamental, fixed frequency. Emissions also occur at multiples ...