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Authors
W. Stephen Woodward

W. Stephen Woodward

Stephen Woodward

W. Stephen Woodward

Steve Woodward has authored over 50 analog-centric circuit designs. A self-proclaimed "certified, card-carrying analog dinosaur", he is a freelance consultant on instrumentation, sensors, and metrology freelance to organizations such as Agilent Technologies, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Catalyst Semiconductor, Oak Crest Science Institute, and several international universities. With seven patents to his credit, he has written more than 200 professional articles, and has also served as a member of technical staff at the University of North Carolina. He holds a BS (with honors) in engineering from Caltech, Pasadena, Calif., and an MS in computer science from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Areas of interest of the author: Digital Supply Oscillators Radio Measurement Analogue Design Interfaces Automation Beginners Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) Microcontrollers Usage Power ADC, DAC Signal Processing, Filters Amplifiers Solar Audio Light High Voltage Games Wind Energy

Publications on RadioLocman by the author W. Stephen Woodward:

  1. Nifty nulling of non-negligible dpot "scale" errors
    Oct 15, 2026
  2. An unbuttoned circuit for setting digital pots
    Oct 8, 2026
  3. Wire pushbuttons in series to simplify DPOT up/down circuit
    Oct 5, 2026
  4. 8 to 48 volt PWM relay/solenoid driver finds fault, pinches power
    Sep 24, 2026
  5. Digital pot programming with a twist
    Sep 21, 2026
  6. Double DPOT programming: Parallel gang-up, singleton, or none
    Sep 14, 2026
  7. Finger-friendly DPOT pushbuttons do ups, downs, and dittos
    Sep 3, 2026
  8. DPOT push up/down
    Aug 26, 2026
  9. Single sideband radio meets LMC555 beat frequency oscillator
    Aug 25, 2026
  10. Cheap and cheerful LMC555 RC PWM pulse generator
    Aug 13, 2026
  11. Phantom-powered solid-state linear airflow sensor
    Aug 11, 2026
  12. Hz to 4-20mA or 0-20mA current source is compatible with grounded loads
    Aug 10, 2026
  13. Current converter performs purely on paltry phantom power
    Jul 23, 2026
  14. Painlessly convert Hz to 4-20mA current loop
    Jul 16, 2026
  15. Solid state airflow sensor with linear 4-20mA output
    Jul 14, 2026
  16. Position sensor gets linear 4 to 20mA current source output
    Jul 8, 2026
  17. Capacitive position sensor with linearized output
    Jun 25, 2026
  18. 4-20mA to 0-20mA converter sips mere microamps
    Jun 23, 2026
  19. 4mA-20mA to 0mA-20mA converter's current mirror drives grounded load
    Jun 15, 2026
  20. ~0.1% resolution capacitive position sensor
    Jun 8, 2026
  21. Triply simply sequence supply voltages
    Jun 4, 2026
  22. Triple-duty current loop calibrator
    May 21, 2026
  23. ΔVbe thermometer is switchable between °C and °F
    May 14, 2026
  24. ΔVBE thermometer outputs 1 mV/°C without calibration or op amps
    May 7, 2026
  25. ΔVbe + DMM = Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Rankine thermometer
    Apr 30, 2026
  26. BJT is accurate sensor for absolute temperature in Kelvin and Rankine
    Apr 30, 2026
  27. Double-duty current loop transmitter
    Apr 15, 2026
  28. LM555 begets basic bang bang thermostat
    Apr 6, 2026
  29. 1 MHz 555 VFC
    Mar 27, 2026
  30. 5 decade antilogarithmic PWM current source
    Mar 26, 2026
  31. Improve 555 frequency linearity
    Mar 25, 2026
  32. Simple shorts sniffer
    Feb 25, 2026
  33. Silly simple supply sequencing
    Feb 23, 2026
  34. Full circle current loops: 4 mA-20 mA to 0 mA-20 mA
    Feb 13, 2026
  35. Classic constant current cascode
    Feb 5, 2026
  36. 5 octave linear(ish)-in-pitch power VCO
    Jan 30, 2026
  37. Tune 555 frequency over 4 decades
    Jan 29, 2026
  38. Combine two TL431 regulators to make versatile current mirror
    Jan 22, 2026
  39. SCR topology transmogrifies into BJT two-wire precision current source
    Jan 15, 2026
  40. Simple speedy single-slope ADC
    Jan 12, 2026
  41. Active two-way current mirror
    Dec 26, 2025
  42. Ignoring the regulator's reference
    Dec 24, 2025
  43. Two-wire precision current source with wide current range
    Dec 18, 2025
  44. Silly simple precision 0/20 mA to 4/20 mA converter
    Dec 6, 2025
  45. Accuracy loss from PWM sub-Vsense regulator programming
    Nov 27, 2025
  46. Active current mirror
    Nov 27, 2025
  47. Circuit makes square deal
    Nov 25, 2025
  48. A current mirror reduces Early effect
    Nov 7, 2025
  49. Programmable current source with overtemperature shutoff
    Oct 28, 2025
  50. PWM nonlinearity that software can't fix
    Oct 27, 2025
  51. Amps x Volts = Watts
    Oct 19, 2025
  52. PWM buck regulator interface generalized design equations
    Sep 24, 2025
  53. Capacitor matchmaker
    Sep 22, 2025
  54. Positive analog feedback linearizes 4 to 20 mA PRTD transmitter
    Sep 14, 2025
  55. Simple but accurate 4 to 20 mA two-wire transmitter for PRTDs
    Sep 2, 2025
  56. A different twist to the power pushbutton problem: A kilowatt AC DAC
    Aug 26, 2025
  57. Matchmaker
    Aug 19, 2025
  58. Flip ON Flop OFF: high(ish) voltages from the positive supply rail
    Aug 11, 2025
  59. Independent control of thyristor half-wave firing angles via PWM
    Aug 4, 2025
  60. Cross connect complementary current sources to reduce self-heating error
    Jul 30, 2025
  61. PWM + quadrac = pure power play
    Jul 28, 2025
  62. Another weird 555 ADC
    Jul 21, 2025
  63. Inherently DC accurate 16-bit PWM TBH DAC
    Jul 8, 2025
  64. Take back half improves PWM integral linearity and settling time
    Jun 30, 2025
  65. Simple PWM interface can program regulators for VOUT < VSENSE
    Jun 24, 2025
  66. A two-way Wilson current mirror
    Jun 12, 2025
  67. Circuit controls microneedle etching
    Jun 9, 2025
  68. Revisited: Three discretes suffice to interface PWM to switching regulators
    Jun 2, 2025
  69. Precision programmable current sink
    May 22, 2025
  70. A two-way mirror - current mirror that is
    May 22, 2025
  71. Seven-octave linear-in-pitch VCO
    May 21, 2025
  72. Converting square-waves into saw-teeth
    May 12, 2025
  73. LM4041 voltage regulator impersonates precision current source
    Apr 27, 2025
  74. A negative current source with PWM input and LM337 output
    Apr 18, 2025
  75. Photo tachometer sensor accommodates ambient light
    Apr 18, 2025
  76. PWM-programmed LM317 constant current source
    Apr 16, 2025
  77. Flip ON flop OFF without a flip/flop
    Apr 7, 2025
  78. 100-MHz VFC with TBH current pump
    Mar 25, 2025
  79. Can a free running LMC555 VCO discharge its timing cap to zero?
    Mar 24, 2025
  80. Three discretes suffice to interface PWM to switching regulators
    Mar 7, 2025
  81. 1 A, 20V PWM DAC current source with tracking preregulator
    Mar 4, 2025
  82. A precision digital rheostat
    Feb 25, 2025
  83. Tracking preregulator boosts efficiency of PWM power DAC
    Feb 17, 2025
  84. 1-A, 20-V, PWM-controlled current source
    Feb 7, 2025
  85. Flip ON flop OFF
    Feb 6, 2025
  86. Microvolts to kilovolts in milliseconds with one I/O pin
    Jan 24, 2025
  87. Add one resistor to allow DAC control of switching regulator output
    Jan 20, 2025
  88. PWM power DAC incorporates an LM317
    Jan 14, 2025
  89. Capture 16-bit readings of 8 thermistors in less than 1 second for $2
    Jan 14, 2025
  90. PWMpot approximates a Dpot
    Jan 9, 2025
  91. Symmetrical 10 V, 1.5 A PWM-programmed power supply
    Dec 26, 2024
  92. Synthesize precision bipolar Dpot rheostats
    Dec 17, 2024
  93. ∆VBE bread dough incubator
    Dec 10, 2024
  94. 0 V to -10 V, 1.5 A LM337 PWM power DAC
    Dec 2, 2024
  95. RS-232 meets voltage-to-frequency converter
    Nov 19, 2024
  96. Negative time-constant and PWM program a versatile ADC front end
    Nov 18, 2024
  97. Half & Half piezo drive algorithm tames overshoot and ringing
    Nov 12, 2024
  98. 80 MHz VFC with prescaler and preaccumulator
    Oct 28, 2024
  99. Preaccumulator handles VFC outputs that are too fast for a naked CTP to swallow
    Oct 22, 2024
  100. DC-accurate, 32-bit DAC achieves 32-bit resolution
    Oct 21, 2024
  101. Improved PRTD circuit is product of EDN DI teamwork
    Oct 10, 2024
  102. The power of practical positive feedback to perfect PRTDs
    Oct 1, 2024
  103. 20MHz VFC with take-back-half charge pump
    Sep 30, 2024
  104. Take-Back-Half precision diode charge pump
    Sep 26, 2024
  105. Brute force mitigation of PWM VDD and ground "saturation" errors
    Sep 23, 2024
  106. Switch mode hotwire thermostat
    Sep 18, 2024
  107. Digital pot can control gain over a 90 dB span like an electromechanical
    Sep 3, 2024
  108. 8-bit PWM + 8-bit Dpot = 16-bit hybrid DAC
    Aug 29, 2024
  109. Dpot pseudolog + log lookup table = actual logarithmic gain
    Aug 28, 2024
  110. Keep Dpot pseudologarithmic gain control on a leash
    Aug 15, 2024
  111. Synthesize precision Dpot resistances that aren't in the catalog
    Aug 7, 2024
  112. Single supply 200kHz VFC with bipolar differential inputs
    Jul 24, 2024
  113. Voltage inverter design idea transmogrifies into a 1MHz VFC
    Jul 18, 2024
  114. The good, the bad, and the ugly of zero trims
    Jul 18, 2024
  115. Solar day-lamp with active MPPT and no ballast resistors
    Jul 2, 2024
  116. Portable thermal anemometer hot-transistor bias compensation nulls battery discharge droop
    Jun 27, 2024
  117. Getting positive results from NTC thermistors with a simple passive interface
    Jun 25, 2024
  118. I2C active pullup is power thrifty
    Jun 24, 2024
  119. Relay and solenoid driver circuit doubles supply voltage to conserve sustaining power
    May 30, 2024
  120. Improve thermal airflow sensor PSRR with just two resistors
    May 27, 2024
  121. Double and invert 5 V to generate ±10 V using two generic chips and two bootstraps
    May 23, 2024
  122. A groovy apparatus for calibrating miniature high sensitivity anemometers
    May 1, 2024
  123. Efficient digitally regulated bipolar voltage rail booster
    Apr 26, 2024
  124. Driving CMOS totem poles with logic signals, AC coupling, and grounded gates
    Apr 25, 2024
  125. 15-bit voltage-to-time ADC for "Proper Function" anemometer linearization
    Apr 4, 2024
  126. Charge pump halves voltage to double current "efficiency"
    Mar 27, 2024
  127. Efficient voltage doubler is made from generic CMOS inverters
    Mar 14, 2024
  128. Voltage inverter uses gate's output pins as inputs and its ground pin as output
    Mar 13, 2024
  129. ∆Vbe differential thermometer needs no calibration
    Mar 6, 2024
  130. Hotwire thermostat: Using fine copper wire as integrated sensor and heater for temperature control
    Mar 4, 2024
  131. "Sub-zero" op-amp regulates charge pump inverter
    Feb 9, 2024
  132. More gated 555 astable multivibrators hit the ground running
    Jan 23, 2024
  133. Gated 555 astable hits the ground running
    Jan 18, 2024
  134. A simple, accurate, and efficient charge pump voltage inverter for $1 (in singles)
    Jan 10, 2024
  135. Adding one resistor improves anemometer analog linearity to better than ±0.5%
    Dec 29, 2023
  136. New full-wave precision rectifier has versatile current mode outputs
    Dec 22, 2023
  137. Single supply function generator outputs buffered squares, triangles, and sines
    Dec 13, 2023
  138. Force/sense connection eliminates multiplexer on-resistance error
    Dec 8, 2023
  139. Circuit transmits ARINC 429 data
    Dec 4, 2023
  140. Simultaneously control gain on two independent channels with a single element pot
    Nov 23, 2023
  141. Op-amp wipes out DPOT wiper resistance
    Nov 16, 2023
  142. The DAC buddy
    Nov 9, 2023
  143. 3-leg regulator in shunt mode makes variable power supply symmetrical
    Oct 30, 2023
  144. Temperature controller has "take-back-half" convergence algorithm
    Oct 26, 2023
  145. Adjust op-amp gain from -30 dB to +60 dB with one linear pot
    Oct 24, 2023
  146. Low-cost precision adjustable current reference and application
    Oct 19, 2023
  147. A 50 MHz 50:50-square wave output frequency doubler/quadrupler
    Oct 10, 2023
  148. Minimizing passive PWM ripple filter output impedance: How low can you go?
    Oct 5, 2023
  149. Make gain-control multiplexer RON and ROFF errors (mostly) disappear
    Sep 28, 2023
  150. 1 kHz per degree Kelvin temperature sensor
    Sep 8, 2023
  151. Flip-flop plus choke comprise simple and cheap inductive sensor
    Sep 6, 2023
  152. Dual RRIO op amp makes buffered and adjustable triangles and square waves
    Aug 17, 2023
  153. Light powers isolation amplifier
    Jul 27, 2023
  154. Classic 3-leg adjustable regulators have a shunt mode? Who knew?
    Jul 24, 2023
  155. 300 volt, 4 second, self-calibrating Shannon decoder DAC
    Jul 6, 2023
  156. Self-heated ∆Vbe transistor thermostat needs no calibration
    Jul 4, 2023
  157. Shannon decoder DAC meets UART
    Jun 29, 2023
  158. Nonlinearities of Darlington airflow sensor and VFC compensate each other
    Jun 21, 2023
  159. A "free" ADC
    May 22, 2023
  160. Set DC input-stage gain/attenuation over a 96 dB range with PWM
    Apr 28, 2023
  161. Squeeze extra resolution from an 8-bit DAC with Shannon decoder idea
    Apr 26, 2023
  162. DAC (PWM) Controlled Triangle/Sawtooth Generator
    Apr 20, 2023
  163. Adjustable regulator trimmer simple failsafe circuit
    Apr 18, 2023
  164. 555 triangle generator with adjustable frequency, waveshape, and amplitude; and more!
    Feb 9, 2023
  165. Transistor ∆VBE-based oscillator measures absolute temperature
    Jan 10, 2023
  166. The Shannon decoder: A (much) faster alternative to the PWM DAC
    Dec 22, 2022
  167. Cancel PWM DAC ripple and power supply noise
    Nov 24, 2022
  168. CMOS flip-flop used "off label" implements precision capacitance sensor
    Oct 28, 2022
  169. Precision DC motor speed control via pot or DAC
    Oct 12, 2022
  170. Cancel PWM DAC ripple with analog subtraction
    Oct 11, 2022
  171. Linearized portable anemometer with thermostated Darlington pair
    Sep 21, 2022
  172. FemtoAmp offers extreme gain range & isolation
    Sep 13, 2022
  173. Self-heated Darlington transistor pair comprises new air flow sensor
    Aug 23, 2022
  174. New VFC uses flip-flops as high speed, precision analog switches
    Aug 2, 2022
  175. Multiplexed, programmable-gain, track-and-hold amplifier has instrumentation inputs
    Jul 21, 2022
  176. Flying capacitor and negative time constant make digitally programmable-gain instrumentation amplifier
    Jul 21, 2022
  177. Inverted MOSFET helps 555 oscillator ignore power supply and temp variations
    May 19, 2022
  178. Add One Resistor to Give Bipolar LM555 Oscillator a 50:50 Duty Cycle
    Mar 25, 2022
  179. Input buffer and attenuator for sound card oscilloscopes extends low-end frequency response
    Feb 15, 2022
  180. Circuit cancels interconnection resistance to enhance load regulation
    Dec 26, 2021
  181. Series vs shunt linear voltage regulation for small solar-photovoltaic power supplies
    Dec 14, 2021
  182. Series-Connected Transistors Use Differential Heating To Sense Airflow
    Dec 1, 2021
  183. Quickly discharge power-supply capacitors
    May 8, 2021
  184. Circuit for optical reflex sight adds automatic power-off
    Mar 10, 2021
  185. Circuit controls intensity of reflex optical sights
    Mar 3, 2021
  186. DPPs make nonvolatile microvolt DAC
    Dec 21, 2020
  187. Enhanced Circuit Yields Versatile, Efficient Switch-Mode Solenoid/Relay Driver
    Oct 25, 2020
  188. Digital potentiometer simulates log taper to accurately set gain
    Feb 12, 2020
  189. Achieve precision temperature control with TEC Seebeck-voltage sampling
    Dec 3, 2019
  190. Thermoelectric-cooler unipolar drive achieves stable temperatures
    Dec 3, 2019
  191. Diodes derive logarithms and exponentials to optically sense AC/DC current
    Oct 20, 2019
  192. Combine two 8-bit outputs to make one 16-bit DAC
    Jun 19, 2019
  193. Synthesize variable in-circuit Rs, Ls, and Cs
    May 12, 2019
  194. Pseudologarithmic thermistor signal conditioning spans wide temperature range
    Nov 20, 2018
  195. Fast PWM DAC has no ripple
    Oct 9, 2018
  196. Isolated Receiver/Converter Uses Multichannel Opto-Isolator
    Jul 18, 2018
  197. Optically Isolated 4- To 20-mA Current-Loop Transmitter Is Accurate, Inexpensive
    Jul 5, 2018
  198. Inverted dual-slope ADC boosts dynamic range
    Mar 28, 2018
  199. Actively driven ferrite core inductively cancels common-mode voltage
    Feb 22, 2018
  200. Linear wind-power meter compensates for temperature
    Jan 29, 2018
  201. Circuit limits dV/dt and capacitor inrush at regulator turn-on
    Jan 23, 2018
  202. Turn negative regulator «upside-down» to create bipolar supply from single source
    Oct 5, 2017
  203. Square-root function improves thermostat
    Apr 26, 2017
  204. Transistor linearly digitizes airflow
    Jan 31, 2017
  205. Amplifier cancels common-mode voltage
    Jan 11, 2017
  206. Fast-settling synchronous-PWM-DAC filter has almost no ripple
    Nov 9, 2016
  207. Battery-powered amplifier has optical isolation
    Nov 3, 2016
  208. Optoisolators Compute Watts and Volt-Amperes
    Apr 8, 2008
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